Energy import dependence and economic security

: This article assesses Mongolia’s energy import dependence, import intensity, export commodity concentration, and weak industrial diversification within the framework of economic security, based on actual statistical data for 2024. The study combines document analysis, comparative analysis of official statistics, threshold-based assessment, and explanatory analysis. In 2024, Mongolia’s total electricity consumption reached 11.6 billion kWh, of which 24.7 percent was supplied through imports; exports amounted to USD 15.8 billion and imports to USD 11.6 billion, resulting in a positive foreign trade balance, while imports of goods and services accounted for 69.7 percent of GDP.[1] At the same time, mining accounted for approximately 95 percent of total exports, the extractive sector constituted 70.9 percent of industrial output, and the share of manufacturing was only 21.8 percent.[2] At the macro level, economic growth of 5.1 percent, average annual inflation of 6.8 percent, debt at 42.8 percent, and foreign exchange reserves equivalent to 3.9 months of imports indicated short-term stability, but did not fully mitigate structural vulnerability.[3] The findings establish that…

Economic security, energy imports, structural vulnerability, threshold indicators, Mongolia